Professor Amartya Sen has advocated important reforms in the realms of primary education and primary health care. What are your suggestions to improve their status and performance?

Theme

T111 Education policy: NEP, RTE, higher education, exams

What UPSC asks in this theme

Questions ask welfare obligation vs strategic investment, aims of the Public Examinations Act 2024, RTE's inadequacy, NEP 2020 and SDG-4, Amartya Sen's reforms in primary education and health, foreign universities, and autonomy of IITs and IIMs.

What to cover

• NEP 2020: 5+3+3+4, foundational literacy, multidisciplinary higher education, HECI
• RTE Act 2009: provisions, 25% quota, learning outcomes gap (ASER)
• Higher education quality and foreign campuses (UGC rules)
• Institutional autonomy (IIM Act 2017)
• Public Examinations Act 2024 scope
• Education as human capital (link inclusive growth)

Writing the answer

• Use ASER/AISHE data
• Show the policy, the gap, then reforms

These notes are for the whole theme, built from all 7 of its PYQs. UPSC does not publish model answers.