UPSC Themes

New to Mains? Start here

A step-by-step roadmap through GS Mains

All 171 themes in an order where each one prepares you for the next. A theme always comes after the themes it relies on, so when women's empowerment brings up gender budgeting, you have already studied budgets. Each theme page lists what it builds on and where it comes back later. If you already know an area, jump to any step.

Tick "Mark as done" on a theme page and your progress shows here. It is saved on this device only.

Start with step 1: Fundamental Rights

Stage 1 Foundations

Core concepts every later theme uses: the Constitution and Parliament, modern history, basic physical geography, Indian society, and economy basics like growth and budgets. 36 themes

  1. Preamble, features & the 'living' ConstitutionGS2 · 22 PYQs · 2016–2023
  2. Amending power & basic structureGS2 · 44 PYQs · 2013–2025
  3. Executive: cabinet, ordinances & pardonGS2 · 44 PYQs · 2014–2025
  4. Governor, President's Rule & emergency provisionsGS2 · 44 PYQs · 2018–2026
  5. American & French Revolutions and their legacyGS1 · 22 PYQs · 2013–2025
  6. Diversity & national unityGS1 · 55 PYQs · 2015–2026
  7. Family, marriage, traditions & social valuesGS1 · 44 PYQs · 2014–2023
  8. Tribal identity, rights & developmentGS1 · 5GS2 · 16 PYQs · 2016–2026
  9. Population & demographic transitionGS1 · 55 PYQs · 2015–2026
  10. Monsoon, El Niño & droughtGS1 · 4GS3 · 15 PYQs · 2014–2023
  11. Inflation, monetary policy & the poorGS2 · 1GS3 · 12 PYQs · 2022–2024

Stage 2 Building blocks

Institutions, elections, federal finance, social issues, hazards, banking and industry. Each needs only Foundations and earlier steps here. 53 themes

  1. Constitutional moralityGS2 · 22 PYQs · 2021–2025
  2. CAG & Attorney GeneralGS2 · 55 PYQs · 2016–2025
  3. Presiding officers & anti-defectionGS2 · 33 PYQs · 2020–2026
  4. Fiscal federalism: Finance Commission, GST & state financesGS2 · 5GS3 · 38 PYQs · 2013–2025
  5. Tribunals, Lok Adalats, arbitration & legal aidGS2 · 66 PYQs · 2015–2025
  6. Pressure groups & interest representationGS2 · 55 PYQs · 2013–2026
  7. Party system: national vs regional partiesGS2 · 22 PYQs · 2016–2022
  8. Comparative constitutions: UK, USA, FranceGS2 · 66 PYQs · 2018–2026
  9. Globalisation & Indian society and cultureGS1 · 55 PYQs · 2016–2026
  10. Secularism: Indian vs Western modelsGS1 · 3GS2 · 25 PYQs · 2014–2024
  11. Communalism, sect & radicalisationGS1 · 4GS3 · 15 PYQs · 2014–2023
  12. Regionalism & regional disparityGS1 · 44 PYQs · 2013–2024
  13. Planning: Nehruvian planning, Soviet influence, NITI AayogGS1 · 2GS3 · 13 PYQs · 2014–2026
  14. Gender concepts, patriarchy & women's social statusGS1 · 5GS2 · 27 PYQs · 2013–2025
  15. Ageing population & elderly careGS1 · 1GS2 · 1GS3 · 13 PYQs · 2013–2022
  16. Landslides in the Himalayas & Western GhatsGS1 · 3GS3 · 14 PYQs · 2013–2021
  17. Earthquakes, tsunamis & volcanoes: science to preparednessGS1 · 3GS3 · 36 PYQs · 2015–2025
  18. Tropical cyclones, twisters & cyclone warningsGS1 · 55 PYQs · 2014–2026
  19. Cloudbursts & extreme rainfallGS1 · 1GS3 · 23 PYQs · 2016–2024
  20. Coastal zone: resources, erosion & hazard preparednessGS1 · 1GS3 · 12 PYQs · 2022–2023
  21. Glaciers, cryosphere & sea-level riseGS1 · 5GS3 · 16 PYQs · 2014–2025
  22. Financial inclusion & rural creditGS3 · 33 PYQs · 2014–2026
  23. Poverty: measurement, causes & alleviationGS1 · 3GS2 · 58 PYQs · 2015–2025
  24. Migration: internal, international & illegalGS1 · 2GS3 · 13 PYQs · 2014–2024
  25. Vedic society & its legacy in today's societyGS1 · 22 PYQs · 2023–2024
  26. Bhakti–Sufi movements & religious syncretismGS1 · 44 PYQs · 2014–2025
  27. Patronage, learning centres & medieval technologyGS1 · 33 PYQs · 2014–2023

Stage 3 Applied themes

Agriculture, water, governance, welfare, health, education and environment, built on the two stages above. 45 themes

  1. Oil & gas: global distribution, shale, refineriesGS1 · 44 PYQs · 2013–2025
  2. Water security: scarcity, conservation & managementGS1 · 5GS3 · 27 PYQs · 2015–2024
  3. Irrigation & water-use efficiencyGS1 · 1GS3 · 45 PYQs · 2016–2024
  4. River interlinking & water disputes: inter-state and transboundaryGS1 · 3GS2 · 1GS3 · 15 PYQs · 2013–2026
  5. Groundwater depletion & seawater intrusionGS1 · 1GS3 · 23 PYQs · 2024–2025
  6. Food processing industryGS3 · 77 PYQs · 2013–2026
  7. Smart cities, rural–urban integration & urban transportGS1 · 2GS2 · 1GS3 · 14 PYQs · 2013–2016
  8. E-governance & the digital divideGS2 · 66 PYQs · 2018–2025
  9. DBT, Aadhaar & digital welfare deliveryGS2 · 3GS3 · 14 PYQs · 2013–2022
  10. PDS & buffer stocksGS3 · 22 PYQs · 2022–2024
  11. Civil services in a democracy: ethos, neutrality, reformsGS1 · 1GS2 · 67 PYQs · 2014–2026
  12. Public health system & universal health coverageGS2 · 55 PYQs · 2013–2024
  13. Policy design, implementation & people's participationGS1 · 1GS2 · 78 PYQs · 2014–2026
  14. Affirmative action & welfare schemes for vulnerable sectionsGS1 · 1GS2 · 34 PYQs · 2013–2024
  15. Disability & inclusion: RPwD Act 2016GS1 · 1GS2 · 23 PYQs · 2017–2026
  16. Skills, HRD & the demographic dividendGS2 · 4GS3 · 26 PYQs · 2014–2023
  17. SHGs & microfinanceGS2 · 66 PYQs · 2013–2021
  18. Civil society, NGOs, charitable trusts & donor agenciesGS1 · 1GS2 · 67 PYQs · 2015–2025
  19. Forests, natural vegetation & biodiversityGS1 · 2GS3 · 24 PYQs · 2018–2026
  20. Wetlands & Ramsar sitesGS3 · 22 PYQs · 2018–2023
  21. Fragile Himalayan ecosystems: tourism & infrastructureGS1 · 1GS3 · 12 PYQs · 2015–2026
  22. Air pollution: smog, WHO guidelines, NCAPGS1 · 1GS3 · 34 PYQs · 2015–2022
  23. River pollution & Ganga cleaningGS3 · 33 PYQs · 2013–2024
  24. Solid & hazardous waste managementGS3 · 22 PYQs · 2018–2026
  25. Minerals & mining: resource vs environmentGS1 · 3GS3 · 25 PYQs · 2013–2025
  26. Urban floodsGS1 · 2GS3 · 24 PYQs · 2016–2024

Stage 4 Integrated themes

International relations, climate and energy, women in politics and the economy, and science and technology, which pull from everything before. 26 themes

  1. Renewable energy transition: solar, wind, EVs, green corridorGS1 · 3GS3 · 69 PYQs · 2013–2025
  2. Energy security & energy independenceGS3 · 33 PYQs · 2018–2026
  3. Nuclear & fusion energy: FBR, ITER, raw materialsGS1 · 1GS3 · 45 PYQs · 2013–2026
  4. China: BRI, CPEC, String of Pearls & economic leverageGS2 · 3GS3 · 25 PYQs · 2013–2026
  5. West Asia: energy security, Israel, Iran, I2U2GS2 · 55 PYQs · 2017–2025
  6. Central Asia: connectivity & strategic presenceGS2 · 22 PYQs · 2018–2024
  7. India & Africa: resources, digital partnership, influenceGS1 · 1GS2 · 34 PYQs · 2014–2025
  8. Indian diaspora: from indentured labour to strategic assetGS1 · 1GS2 · 45 PYQs · 2017–2026
  9. UN reform, Bretton Woods & global governanceGS2 · 66 PYQs · 2013–2025
  10. WTO, trade wars & protectionismGS2 · 5GS3 · 38 PYQs · 2014–2025
  11. Pandemics & global health: COVID-19, WHO, vaccinesGS2 · 1GS3 · 23 PYQs · 2020–2022

Stage 5 Internal security

Draws on polity, society, IR and technology, so it comes last. 11 themes

  1. North-East insurgency & peace accordsGS3 · 22 PYQs · 2017–2025
  2. Maritime & coastal security: piracy, IMOGS2 · 1GS3 · 34 PYQs · 2014–2025
  3. Cyber security & cyber warfareGS3 · 77 PYQs · 2013–2022
  4. Terrorism & external state/non-state actorsGS2 · 1GS3 · 67 PYQs · 2015–2025
  5. Organised crime & narco-terrorismGS3 · 33 PYQs · 2018–2024
  6. Security forces, intelligence agencies & AFSPAGS3 · 22 PYQs · 2015–2023