The judicial systems in India and the UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices.

Theme

T97 Comparative constitutions: UK, USA, France

What UPSC asks in this theme

Questions compare India with the UK, US and France: separation of powers and PM vs US President, parliamentary sovereignty, presidential elections in India and France, right to equality, judicial systems, and democratic tenets.

What to cover

• UK: parliamentary sovereignty, uncodified constitution
• US: presidential system, rigid separation, judicial review
• France: semi-presidential, direct election
• Equality: US equal protection vs Indian Art 14–18 with affirmative action

Writing the answer

• Use comparison tables

These notes are for the whole theme, built from all 6 of its PYQs. UPSC does not publish model answers.