“Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse.

Theme

T109 Public health system & universal health coverage

What UPSC asks in this theme

Questions ask how the state should counter health marketisation, primary health as a precondition for sustainable development, community-level intervention for 'Health for All', public vs private role in UHC, and health MDGs.

What to cover

• Health system levels: sub-centre, PHC, CHC, district hospital; HWCs under Ayushman Bharat
• Public health spending vs out-of-pocket expenditure
• PM-JAY: coverage and issues
• Community health workers: ASHA, ANM
• Public vs private: regulation, PPP, strategic purchasing
• MDGs to SDG 3

Writing the answer

• Use NFHS/NHA data
• Structure: gaps → state's role → private role → reforms

These notes are for the whole theme, built from all 5 of its PYQs. UPSC does not publish model answers.