Industrial pollution of river water is a significant environmental issue in India. Discuss the various mitigation measures to deal with this problem and also the government's initiatives in this regard.

Theme

T156 River pollution & Ganga cleaning

What UPSC asks in this theme

UPSC asks industrial river pollution mitigation, Namami Gange and earlier schemes' mixed results, and National Water Policy with hazardous waste rules.

What to cover

• Namami Gange components
• Ganga Action Plan lessons
• Industrial effluent norms; ZLD
• Hazardous waste rules

Writing the answer

• Use examples

These notes are for the whole theme, built from all 3 of its PYQs. UPSC does not publish model answers.