The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand are reaching the limits of their ecological carrying capacity due to tourism. Critically evaluate.

Theme

T43 Fragile Himalayan ecosystems: tourism & infrastructure

What UPSC asks in this theme

UPSC asks whether Himalayan states have crossed their carrying capacity due to tourism, and how to balance infrastructure with disaster risk in ecologically sensitive areas.

What to cover

• Carrying capacity concept; tourism pressure (J&K, Himachal, Uttarakhand)
• Joshimath, Char Dham road, hydropower debates
• Eco-sensitive zones, EIA, risk-informed planning

Writing the answer

• Give balanced arguments and concrete safeguards

These notes are for the whole theme, built from all 2 of its PYQs. UPSC does not publish model answers.