Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of child in the womb to establish its paternity.

Theme

T78 Fundamental Rights: privacy, Art 21, movement, transgender rights

What UPSC asks in this theme

Questions focus on the right to privacy (Puttaswamy), privacy and DNA testing, transgender rights, and limits on freedom of movement.

What to cover

• Puttaswamy 2017 and its tests
• Art 21 expansion
• Transgender Persons Act 2019 and NALSA judgment
• Art 19(1)(d),(e) and restrictions

Writing the answer

• Case law + provision + present relevance

These notes are for the whole theme, built from all 4 of its PYQs. UPSC does not publish model answers.