Mineral resources are fundamental to the country's economy and these are exploited by mining. Why is mining considered an environmental hazard? Explain the remedial measures required to reduce the environmental hazard due to mining.

Theme

T35 Minerals & mining: resource vs environment

What UPSC asks in this theme

Cross-paper: GS1 asks about mineral distribution (Gondwana, Deccan trap) and why mining's GDP share is low; GS3 asks why mining is an environmental hazard, illegal mining and go/no-go zones.

What to cover

• Gondwana coal, Dharwar metallic minerals, Deccan trap resources
• Low GDP share: regulation, exploration gaps, technology, land issues
• Environmental impacts: deforestation, water, air, displacement
• Illegal mining, go/no-go zones, MMDR reforms, District Mineral Foundation

Writing the answer

• Balance development needs with environmental costs
• Use specific mining regions as examples

These notes are for the whole theme, built from all 5 of its PYQs. UPSC does not publish model answers.