Write a review on India's climate commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015) and mention how these have been further strengthened in COP26 (2021). In this direction, how has the first Nationally Determined Contribution intended by India been updated in 2022?

Theme

T125 Global climate regime & India's commitments: Kyoto, Paris, COP26, ISA, CCUS

What UPSC asks in this theme

A frequent cross-paper theme: India's Paris commitments and how COP26 strengthened them, the 2022 NDC update, COP26 outcomes, Kyoto and greenhouse gas control, the Green Grid Initiative and ISA, carbon credits and CDM, CCUS, and India's changing stance in climate fora.

What to cover

• UNFCCC → Kyoto → Paris: CBDR-RC
• India's NDCs (2015, updated 2022) and Panchamrit (COP26)
• COP26: Glasgow Pact, coal phase-down
• ISA, OSOWOG, GGI
• Carbon markets: CDM to Article 6, India's Carbon Credit Trading Scheme
• CCUS: technology and role

Writing the answer

• Use dates and targets accurately; show India's evolving position

These notes are for the whole theme, built from all 7 of its PYQs. UPSC does not publish model answers.