UPSC Themes

UPSC CSE Mains 2026 · GS3 · 10 marks · 150 words

Distinguish between a Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) and a thermal nuclear reactor. In the context of first indigenously developed prototype FBR at Kalpakkam, explain the term ‘criticality’. What are its implications for clean energy future of our country?

Theme

T151 Nuclear & fusion energy: FBR, ITER, raw materials

What UPSC asks in this theme

Cross-paper GS1–GS3: raw materials for atomic energy, FBR vs thermal reactor and 'criticality', India's ITER role, nuclear expansion facts and fears, and the growth of nuclear science.

What to cover

Writing the answer

These notes are for the whole theme, built from all 5 of its PYQs. UPSC does not publish model answers.

On the map

Map module 8: History on the map

More PYQs from this theme

  1. GS3202510 marks

    The fusion energy programme in India has steadily evolved over the past few decades. Mention India's contributions to the international fusion energy project – International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). What will be the implications of the success of this project for the future of global energy?

  2. GS32018

    With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy?

  3. GS32017

    Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What is the advantage of fast breeder reactor programme in India?

  4. GS12013

    With growing scarcity of fossil fuels, the atomic energy is gaining more and more significance in India. Discuss the availability of raw material required for the generation of atomic energy in India and in the world.

All 20 GS3 2026 questions · Technology, Economy, Environment, Security & Disaster Management · Report a typo