Discuss the aim and goals of Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework. Mention India’s commitments and initiatives to achieve the goals and targets of this framework giving suitable examples.

Theme

T41 Forests, natural vegetation & biodiversity

What UPSC asks in this theme

UPSC asks about diversity of natural vegetation, forest status and climate change, biodiversity variation, the Biological Diversity Act, and the Kunming–Montreal framework.

What to cover

• Vegetation types and controlling factors
• Forest cover status (ISFR) and carbon sinks
• Biological Diversity Act 2002: NBA, SBB, BMCs, access and benefit sharing
• Kunming–Montreal GBF: 30x30 and India's targets
• Wildlife sanctuaries in rainforest regions

Writing the answer

• Use data points carefully; name protected areas

These notes are for the whole theme, built from all 4 of its PYQs. UPSC does not publish model answers.